UVanessa G. Honke, uWarren S. Sandberg, kwiNcwadi ye-MGH yezixhobo ze-anesthetic, ngo-2011
Heating of IV fluids can be accomplished by dry heat exchange, countercurrent heat exchangers, fluid immersion, or (less effectively) by placing part of the fluid circuit in the proximity of a separate heater (such as a forced-air device or heated water mattress ).
IXESHA LOKUQALA: UJan-17 ukuya ku-1525